salik ram dahal ///Youth in Sustainable Development

development to voyage for sustainability

2012-02-05T10:56:00.000-08:00

Goal

The goal of the foundation is to create a society where every individual, no matter their class or economic status, will have access to the privileges and resources now only available to a select few.

Broader Objective

Building a system in communities where appropriate rights and services are accessed to the people for equitable and sustainable development.

Specific Objectives

Conducting action researches to direct the policy makers and development actors for effective development of communities. Along with, preserving and promoting cultural, historical and natural assets of communities.
Creating awareness and self-reliance among the communities on the social, economic and political issues for equitable and sustainable development leading to social transformation.
Bridging the gap between those in need and national and international multi-sector development partners. These bridges will ease the way and ensure appropriate policy, programs and access to the communities for equitable development.
Strengthening technologies and social entrepreneurship development as best way to address social development.
Developing partnership and associated efforts with like-minded for sustainable development, human rights, peace, equality and prosperity in society.

Goal

Conducting action researches to direct the policy makers and development actors for effective development of communities. Along with, preserving and promoting cultural, historical and natural assets of communities.
Creating awareness and self-reliance among the communities on the social, economic and political issues for equitable and sustainable development leading to social transformation.
Bridging the gap between those in need and national and international multi-sector development partners. These bridges will ease the way and ensure appropriate policy, programs and access to the communities for equitable development.
Strengthening technologies and social entrepreneurship development as best way to address social development.
Developing partnership and associated efforts with like-minded for sustainable development, human rights, peace, equality and prosperity in society.

Encouraging and incorporating Knowledge-Information-Skill-Technology (KIST) transfer, youth partnership and engagement, and applied action research as part of development programs.
Assimilate Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Social Tourism, Social Entrepreneurship, traditional technologies development etc. in our every initiatives.
Integrating public-private partnership (PPP), partnership with like-minded and including government systems and structures as basic partners in the development programs.
Implementing monitoring, advocacy and campaign as a major tool to systematize resources channel to the communities in need along with alerting the communities about their rights of utilizing the resources to optimal.

News and Events

Jun2110

Sustainability CampaignUSSHA Foundation initiated Sustainability Cam{ Read More }

Jan0511

Report of Workcamp 2010 published‚Youth in Sustainable Development‘ yie{ Read More }

{ List all news and events }

2011-12-28T20:14:00.000-08:00

lass=MsoNormal style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:24.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none'>Nanostructures and its applications for drug delivery system

1) Why Nano structure for drug delivery

· unlimited potential to improve human health

· characterize, manipulate and organize matter systematically at the nanometer scale

· to minimize toxic side effects

· enhancing the therapeutic index of a given drug

2) Limitation of current context

· Limitationof effective targeting and potential cytotoxicity.

· suboptimal bioavailability

· They released in control fashion to produce high local concentration

· Scope is limited to tragetting tissues rather than individual cells.

3) GOAL ?

1) to overcome limitations associated with biomacromolecular therapeutics,

2) short plasma half-life,

3) poor stability

4) potential immunogenicity

5) to maximize the therapeutic activity

6) minimizing the toxic side effects of drugs

7) Enhances the ability of drug-delivery carriers to cross cell membrane

8) reduces the risk of undesired clearance from the body through the liver or spleen

9) Minimizes their uptake by the reticuloendothelial system

10) Smaller particles have greater surface area-to-volume ratios, which increase the particles’ dissolution rate, enabling them to overcome solubility-limited bioavailability

4) Why nano scale ?

1) Diameter 10 to 70 nm -penetrate even very small capillaries

2) diameters -70 to 200 nm demonstrate the most prolonged circulation times

3) diameters greater than 200 nm are usually sequestered by the spleen and eventually removed by phagocytes .

4) particles smaller than 100 nm can be enclosed within endocytic vesicles leads to the conclusion that the

5) preferred size range for nanoparticle drug delivery is 10 to 100 nm

5) Controlling factor

• solubility (inherent hydrophilicity of the material, addition of solubilizing moiety)

• Biodistribution (molecular weight, addition of targeting group)

• biocompatibility (electrical charge,addition of bioinert functionality);

• biodegradability (backbone, spacer)

• drug release (physical interaction between drug and carrier, chemical cleavage of covalent spacer);

• drug encapsulation (physical interaction between drug and carrier

• shape (materials and chemistry employed)

6) process ?

• Nanoparticles can be functionalized with biomolecules through various techniques,

• physical adsorption

• electrostatic binding,

• complementary recognition

• and covalent coupling

novel nano-scale drug-delivery systems that have been invented recently are :

Polymers:Polymers offer effectively unlimited diversity in chemistry, dimensions and rationally-designed macromolecular drugs polymer drug and polymer–protein conjugates, polymeric micelles and polyplexes for DNA delivery topology, rendering them a class of materials that is particularly suitable for applications in nano-scale drug-delivery systems. The range of polymer architectures is very wide: linear, branched, cross-linked, block, graft,multivalent, dendronized and star-shaped polymers The greatest advantage of these species is their amenability to chemical modification, resulting in defined chemical composition, customized surface functionality and the potential for defined three-dimensional structures

Drugs can be physically entrapped within polymer shells and matrices, or they can

be covalently attached to the polymer backbone. Polymer–drug conjugates, which

contain a systemically-stable, bioresponsive polymer–drug linker, alter the pharmacokinetics

of the drug by increasing the drug’s effective molecular weight

1 Nanoparticles :nanocapsules, nanotubes, nanogels and dendrimers, could be considered “nanoparticles”, Nanocapsules Lipid and polymeric nanocapsules are nano-scale drug-delivery systems that can provide controlled release and efficient targeting .The fabrication of nanocapsules can be achieved by interfacial deposition, interfacial polymerization, interfacial precipitation, layer-bylayer deposition and self-assembly procedures. Important variables include capsule size, radius distribution, capsule thickness, membrane decomposition and surfactant and so on.

2 Nanotubes: Nanotubes, structures that resemble tiny drinking straws, offer advantages over spherical nanoparticles for some applications .Their large inner volumes can be filled with sundry chemicals and biomolecules, ranging in size from small molecules to proteins .Because the inner and outer surfaces of certain types of nanotubes are distinct, they can be differentially modified to encapsulate specific drugs internally and to evade immunogenic response externally

3 Nanogels: In addition to exhibiting high biocompatibility and tunable properties, hydrogel matrices are advantageous for use in drug delivery because of their ability to prevent payload aggregation . Perhaps the greatest advantage of hydrogels as drug carriers is that they can be synthesized in the absence of drugs, ameliorating potential drug inactivation . Generally, the drug is subsequently loaded via self-assembly processes based on non-covalent interactions. Both charged and hydrophobic biomolecules can be incorporated into hydrogel networks, which are themselves characterized by the physical properties of their constituent polymers .

4 Dendrimers :The architectural design of dendrimers can be greatly controlled, yielding welldefined shapes, sizes, branching length and density and surface functionality . Accordingly, dendrimers are attractive candidates as nano-scale drug-delivery systems. The drug payload can be physically entrapped within the dendrimer or chemically attached to the surface. Dendrimers are characterized by their high density of exo-presented surface groups, facilitating targeting and biocompatibility.

5 Nucleic acid delivery: Gene therapy and RNA interference (RNAi) are two therapies of notable interest: the former (gain-of-function) eliminates the need for subsequent drug administration, while the latter (loss-of-function) confers highly-specific gene silencing. Gene expression can be controlled by transcriptional (incorporation of genetic regulatory elements) and transductional (conjugation of targeting ligands) targeting. While extremely efficient, viral delivery poses safety concerns. In additionNovel systems Novel nano-scale drug-delivery systems that explore original applications of structures, shapes, materials and phase boundaries are being developed.

6 CONCLUSIONS

Drug delivery is becoming an increasingly important aspect of medicine, as more

potent and specific drugs are being developed – particularly with the increased

understanding of disease pathways generated by the Human Genome Project. New

opportunities to prevent and to treat diseases are emerging. Many biomaterials,

primarily polymer- or lipid-based, can be used to this end, offering extensive

chemical diversity and the potential for further modification. Drug delivery is no

longer restricted to small-molecule drugs. The inherent limitations of therapeutic

biomacromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, are being addressed through

rationally-designed delivery vehicles. Drug delivery has matured from its original goal of prolonging the duration of drug release; it now involves customized systems that are designed to achieve

specific spatial and temporal control; future generations of drug-delivery systems

will incorporate “smart” biosensing functionalities that will enable unaided in vivo

feedback control. Tissue engineering is an exciting multidisciplinary research that promises to bring

exciting discoveries over time. Advances in characterization of materials and tissues

at nanometer scale will likely stimulate rational material design. For example,

recent studies of single molecule biomechanics using AFM demonstrate

that biological assemblies are dynamic entities whose transitions may include the

disassembly and re-assembly of some of the subunits to the accomplishment of local

and global conformation changes. The presence of folded domains held together by

secondary forces in natural polymers give rise to combined strength, toughness and

elasticity. The folded domain structures also provide the natural ECM molecules

multifaceted biological functions. The development of complex nanobiomaterials that resemble the native ECM is of critical importance in achieving this goal.

References

1) O. Kayser, A. Lemke and N. Hernandez-Trejo, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6, 3 (2005).

2) D. G. Anderson, J. A. Burdick and R. Langer, Science 305, 1923 (2004).

3) J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 241–268 (2007)

4) 22. L.W. Seymour, R. Duncan, J. Strohalm and J. Kopecek, J. Biomed.Mater. Res. 21, 1341 (1987).

5) 30. C. J. Hawker and K. L. Wooley, Science 309, 1200 (2005

6) F. M. Veronese and G. Pasut, Drug Discov. Today 10, 1451 (2005).

7) PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY EUROPE, 17(4), 21–28 (2005)

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WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements

2009-03-16T01:11:00.000-07:00

WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements

web sites of chemistry

2009-03-11T03:39:00.000-07:00

web sites of chemistry

salik ram dahal bagar 1 pokhara

ttp://www.cas.org/SCIFINDER/SCHOLAR/

CrossFire
.mimas.ac.uk/crossfire/
http://www

http://wos.mimas.ac.uk/
Analytical Abstracts
http://www.rsc.org/aa

Chemical Database Service (CDS)
http://cds.dl.ac.uk/cds/cds.html

Inspec
http://edina.ac.uk/inspec/

DETHERM Thermophysical Properties Database
http://cds.dl.ac.uk/cds/datasets/physchem/detherm/detherm.html

ChemFinder.com
http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com

NIST ChemistryWebBook
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry

NDRL Radiation Chemistry Data Cent
http://allen.rad.nd.edu

Organic Syntheses Website and Data
ttp://www.orgsyn.org/

WebElements™ Periodic Table
http://www.webelements.com/

Chemcyclopedia
g/ME2/Default.asp
http://www.chemcyc.or

Bilbao Crystallographic Server
http://www.cryst.ehu.es

Fundamental Physical Constants
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/

American Chemical Society Publications
bout.html
http://pubs.acs.org/a

RSC (Royal Society ofChemistry) Journals Archive
http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/DigitalArchive/Index.asp

Alphabetical List ofChemistry Journals and Magazines
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~longhu/ChemJournalList_Hu.htm

Chemistry Journals
http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/c2k/cj/

Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
http://www.abc.chemistry.bsu.by/current/fulltext.htm

Chemindustry.com: Worldwide Search Engine ofthe Chemical Industry
http://www.chemindustry.com/

CHEMINFO:Chemical Information Sources
http://www.indiana.edu/~cheminfo/

Links for Chemists:Chemistry Section ofthe WWW Virtual Library
http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/links.html

Martindale’s Reference Desk:Virtual Chemistry Center
tindalecenter.com/GradChemistry.html
http://www.mar

Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology: Chemistry
http://www.intute.ac.uk/scienceandtechnology/chemistry/

Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide
http://www.organicworldwide.net/oyal Society ofChemistry (RSC)
http://www.rsc.org/

Chemical Industries Associati
http://www.cia.org.uk/newsite/

International Union ofCrystallography (IUCr)
http://www.iucr.org/

nternational Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
http://www.iupac.org/

chemistry.org (The website ofthe American Chemical Society)
http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/home.html

nternet Chemist
http://www.vts.intute.ac.uk/tutorial/chemistr

Chemguide:Helping You to Understand Chemistry
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/

LearnNet
http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/

Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry
hem.chem.uconn.edu/namereact/named.html
http://orgc

Chemistry Hypermedia Project (CHP)
http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/index.html

Intute:Science,Engineering and Technology:Chemistry
http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/chemistry

ntroductory University Chemistry Course 1
http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/reference/plambeck/chem1/ua101.html

Introductory University Chemistry Course 2
http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/reference/plambeck/chem2/ua102.html

Heterocyclic amines in cooked meats

2009-03-11T03:37:00.000-07:00

Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats
dahal salik ram
Research has shown that cooking certain meats at high temperatures creates chemicals that are not present in uncooked meats. A few of these chemicals may increase cancer risk.
For example, heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are the carcinogenic chemicals formed from the cooking of muscle meats such as beef, pork, fowl, and fish. HCAs form when amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and creatine (a chemical found in muscles) react at high cooking temperatures. Researchers have identified 17 different HCAs resulting from the cooking of muscle meats that may pose human cancer risk.
Research conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as well as by Japanese and European scientists indicates that heterocyclic amines are created within muscle meats during most types of high temperature cooking.
Recent studies have further evaluated the relationship associated with methods of cooking meat and the development of specific types of cancer. One study conducted by researchers from ( national cancer instution) NCI's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics found a link between individuals with stomach cancer and the consumption of cooked meats.
The researchers assessed the diets and cooking habits of 176 people diagnosed with stomach cancer and 503 people without cancer. The researchers found that those who ate their beef medium-well or well-done had more than three times the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate their beef rare or medium-rare. They also found that people who ate beef four or more times a week had more than twice the risk of stomach cancer than those consuming beef less frequently. Additional studies have shown that an increased risk of developing colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer is associated with high intakes of well-done, fried, or barbequed meats.
Four factors influence HCA formation: type of food, cooking method, temperature, and time. HCAs are found in cooked muscle meats; other sources of protein (milk, eggs, tofu, and organ meats such as liver) have very little or no HCA content naturally or when cooked. Temperature is the most important factor in the formation of HCAs. Frying, broiling, and barbecuing produce the largest amounts of HCAs because the meats are cooked at very high temperatures. One study conducted by researchers showed a threefold increase in the content of HCAs when the cooking temperature was increased from 200° to 250°C (392° to 482°F). Oven roasting and baking are done at lower temperatures, so lower levels of HCAs are likely to form, however, gravy made from meat drippings does contain substantial amounts of HCAs. Stewing, boiling, or poaching are done at or below 100°C (212°F); cooking at this low temperature creates negligible amounts of the chemicals. Foods cooked a long time (“well-done” instead of “medium”) by other methods will also form slightly more of the chemicals.
Meats that are partially cooked in the microwave oven before cooking by other methods also have lower levels of HCAs. Studies have shown that microwaving meat prior to cooking helps to decrease mutagens by removing the precursors. Meats that were microwaved for 2 minutes prior to cooking had a 90-percent decrease in HCA content. In addition, if the liquid that forms during microwaving is poured off before further cooking, the final quantity of HCAs is reduced.
One study has evaluated the content of HCAs in fast food restaurants. After evaluating five kinds of meat products from various fast food restaurant chains, the study concluded that there were low levels of HCAs found in fast food meat products due to factors such as cooking temperature and time. The study suggested that greater exposure to HCAs stems from home cooking and cooking in non-fast-food restaurants where food may be cooked to order and where a larger amount of meat is consumed.
Studies are being conducted to assess the amount of HCAs in the average American diet, but at present the maximum daily intake of HCAs in food has not been established. At the moment, no Federal agency monitors the HCA content of cooked meats (how much a person could be eating), there is no good measure of how much HCAs would have to be eaten to increase cancer risk, and there are no guidelines concerning consumption of foods with HCAs. Further research is needed before such recommendations can be made.
However, concerned individuals can reduce their exposure to HCAs by varying methods of cooking meats; microwaving meats more often, especially before frying, broiling, or barbecuing; and refraining from making gravy from meat drippings.

2009-01-16T02:06:00.000-08:00

file://Baral%20&%20Gautam_Pokhara_2007.pdf/

2009-01-16T02:02:00.000-08:00

www.google.com

YouTube - MyBloodyValentine3D's Channel

2009-01-14T22:20:00.000-08:00

YouTube - MyBloodyValentine3D's Channel

YouTube - Adding a Google Gadget to your blog

2009-01-14T21:58:00.000-08:00

YouTube - Adding a Google Gadget to your blog

-: UN Nepal Information Platform :-

2009-01-14T21:11:00.000-08:00

-: UN Nepal Information Platform :-

Windows Live Hotmail

2009-01-12T22:04:00.000-08:00

Windows Live Hotmail

2009-01-08T02:33:00.000-08:00

Bioremediation

दाहल शालिक

@होतमैल.कॉम
Bioremediation, the use of microorganisms, such as bacteria, to remove environmental pollutants from soil, water, or gases. Pollutants are persistent chemical compounds that are toxic (poisonous) to plants and animals or have the potential to cause birth defects (teratogenicity) or cancer (carcinogenicity) in humans. Bioremediation accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all pollution treatment.
Microorganisms decompose organic compounds using enzymes, protein-based molecules that control metabolism (life-sustaining chemical reactions) in all living cells. Some of these enzymes act to break down, or biodegrade, pollutants, and this natural process can be exploited for the treatment of industrial, agricultural, or municipal wastes. Each enzyme controls one in a series of steps, called a pathway, by which a toxic substance is metabolized into nontoxic products. Different microorganisms may be used to perform different stages of a pathway.
Bioremediation works best on natural carbon-containing substances called hydrocarbons or on chemicals resembling natural substances. Bacteria that metabolize naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as certain petroleum products, are widespread in the environment. Certain bacteria that biodegrade gasoline, for example, are found in almost all soils; the gasoline-metabolizing bacteria may be isolated from the other bacteria present in the soil by laboratory testing. Some of the bacteria employed in bioremediation include members of the genera Pseudomonas,Flavobacterium,Arthrobacter, and Azotobacter. Some toxic substances that have been successfully bioremediated include the solvent toluene, the moth repellent naphthalene (mothballs), the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the fungicide and wood preservative pentachlorophenol.
Bioremediation techniques vary widely in their degree of sophistication, but they have some features in common. For example, bioremediation is generally used to treat dispersed, dilute solutions containing one or more pollutants, such as oil or gasoline; more concentrated wastes are usually handled by storage or incineration. Bioremediation has been used successfully in the cleanup of thousands of leaking underground gasoline storage tanks commonly found at filling stations. A typical treatment process involves digging out and removing the tank, adding growth-promoting nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to the surrounding soil, and tilling the soil to introduce oxygen.
Bioremediation was employed on a test basis on Alaskan beaches contaminated with oil released by the Exxon Valdez in 1989. Initial field tests revealed one brand of fertilizer that best stimulated bioremediation of the oil, and that fertilizer was then applied to portions of the oil-coated beaches. In those areas, the beaches appeared dramatically cleaner than in untreated areas, but the complexity of the chemical composition of crude oil makes determining the true effectiveness of the treatment very difficult.
Land farming is a practice whereby pollutants are transported to a field for bioremediation. The pollutants are mixed into the soil using farm equipment. The soils at land-farming sites may contain populations of bacteria with broad metabolic capabilities for handling many different organic compounds.
Industrial wastewater is commonly treated by bioremediation in lagoons or tanks. Wastewater tanks are sometimes seeded with sediments from other industrial treatment ponds, providing a rich source of organisms with the desired metabolic activities. A more sophisticated process involves a bioreactor—a large container through which wastewater is pumped. While in transit through the container, the water contacts microorganisms that are immobilized on the surface of some solid support such as crushed rocks. The bacteria metabolize most of the pollutants in the wastewater before it exits the bioreactor. Bioreactors are sometimes used to treat groundwater that has been pumped to the surface.
Although the use of genetic engineering to produce microorganisms for waste treatment has received much coverage in the popular press, this approach has been little used to date. Naturally occurring organisms often work better in large-scale treatment systems. Also, companies performing bioremediation have been restricted by rules on the release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment.
Bioremediation is not always successful; thus, although it is often the most inexpensive method, it is only one of many techniques for dealing with hazardous wastes. For example, waste mixtures may contain heavy metals, which kill the bacteria capable of metabolizing any organic pollutants in the waste. Bioavailability of the pollutant (the amount actually available to be broken down by microorganisms) may also be a problem: Some organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, may adsorb onto (stick to) some soils too tightly to be metabolized. Finally, some organic compounds are very poorly biodegraded. However, when it is effective, biological waste treatment is desirable because it is inexpensive, can be done at the site of pollution, and causes minimal physical disturbance to the surrounding area compared to other methods.

2009-01-08T02:31:00.000-08:00

मास्टर दाहल शालिक

सेक्स वोर्केर इन पोखरा एंड ठिर स्तातुस

2009-01-07T20:03:00.000-08:00

SEX WORKER IN POKHARA JAN 2009
Sex Worker In pokhara
INTRODUCTION mr salik ram dahal
Bagar 1 pokhara
Nepal

The sex industry in Nepal is changing rapidly. It is becoming increasingly complicated, with highly differentiated sub sectors. The majority of studies, together with anecdotal evidence, suggest that commercial sex is becoming more common and that it is involving a greater number of people in a greater variety of sites. Assessing the size of the market is difficult because the trade is largely illegal and often underground. The most authoritative studies available suggest that the market is vast.
There is an acute lack of accurate statistics on sex work and although the numbers that are commonly cited have little basis in reality they have been repeated so often that they have become accepted as fact. All statistics on sex work need to be treated with caution. Research and publications on sex work within the region fall into five main categories reports, polemical works and newsletters produced principally by NGOs that often either seek to promote prostitution as work or to portray all sex work as exploitation. reports, particularly by international agencies, focusing on the issue of trafficking for prostitution and children in prostitution. Surveys and reports written with reference to HIV/AIDS. sex guides aimed primarily at visiting foreigners.
These sources give us a partial view of commercial sex within the region – and there are major gaps. This applies to whole sub sectors of the industry –particularly the activities of indirect and part time sex workers,

The structure of the market
The Nepalese sex market is highly segmented. There is an international market catering
To foreigners. This market is relatively small in terms of the number of sex acts
Performed but it is comparatively lucrative for workers because of the ability and
willingness of relatively affluent foreigners in less developed Asian countries to pay
higher prices per act than most domestic sex consumers.
4

The domestic market catering to local men is much
Larger but far less visible.5 Neither of these markets is
sealed – local men may patronize sex workers who
Entertain tourists, and tourists may visit sex work sites
that are patronised by local men but, in general, there is
a division based not only on price but also on the
preferred form of sexual advertisement.

The sophistication and level of differentiation between sub-sectors of the industry
varies according to a country’s level of economic development. As economies
develop, more men have greater spending power. They can spend this on commercial
sexual encounters and upon doing so in increasingly luxurious sites. Less developed
economies have a large mass market for sex work, a far smaller middle-income sector
and a tiny group of elite sex workers. Highly developed economies have a far greater
number of sex workers operating in the middle-income range and in a variety of sites,
often catering to niche markets. This breakdown of sex work into sub sectors defined
by income-levels mirrors class and income distribution within society as a whole.
The clients and the demand for commercial sex
The bulk of research and literature on sex work in Asia focuses on the supply side of
the trade: on the women who provide sexual services as opposed to the men who buy
them. The nature of client demand and its cultural foundations are rarely analysed.
This is a major failing because the success of the sex industry is dependent not only
on there being a supply of women to the trade but, perhaps more importantly, on there
being consumer demand.
A strict sexual double standard operates throughout the region. Sex outside the
confines of marriage is not considered acceptable in the official codes of most Asian
societies – at least for women. In practice, men’s purchase of commercial sex is
tolerated and, in some instances, may be actively encouraged by local definitions of
masculinity. Cultural models in the region foster the sex industry by dividing women
into two principal categories: good women who are wives and who are not suppose to enjoy sex very much; and bad women -the prostitutes -
who do like sex (or who have no choice in the matter).
It is a common expectation that men will turn to sex
workers when they do not find sexual satisfaction in
marriage or when single men do not have sexual access
to women because of strict norms prescribing virginity
and chastity as essential characteristics of respectable
unmarried women. A flourishing sex industry and a
supply of prostituted women therefore contribute to the
construction of sexuality and the maintenance of gender
roles in some Asian societies. It has been argued that
they are the logical outcomes of sexually repressive
cultures and highly unequal gender relations.6
There is a reluctance to acknowledge the size of the sex industry within the region. In
some countries, most men will pay for sex at some point in their lives and many will
do so on a regular basis. In South Asia the practice of commercial sex appears to be
less prevalent but it is still grossly underestimated by governments, health
departments and by public opinion. This unwillingness to confront uncomfortable
issues extends to all aspects of sexuality including basic sex education, the prevention
and treatment of STDs.
Throughout the region mobile populations of men form a large proportion of sex
consumers. Transport workers, seafarers, businessmen and men who are separated
from their families and communities either by migration or by joining the armed
forces are regular clients.
Urbanisation, the associated loosening of traditional social controls and the
emergence of new avenues for sexual expression are encouraging the growth of a
market for commercial sex.7 The spread of consumer cultures has also had a dramatic
impact on the Asian sex industry. It has created a growth market by commercialising
sex acts. Sex can be seen as a product through which men define themselves. Men
wish to buy the commodities they associate with an exciting, modern, urban lifestyle:
women are one of these commodities. Materialism has also created a supply of
women for the trade. It encourages women’s involvement in sex work by offering
them the opportunity to buy coveted symbols of modern consumer culture and it has
simultaneously turned women into a tradable commodity. In this context, materialism
6

and the financial benefits to be gained from selling sex
outweigh customary social disapproval. This process is
occurring at different speeds throughout both developed
and less developed parts of the region and is encouraged
by the fact that women’s traditionally low social status
in Asian societies, and their unequal access to economic
resources, permits their easy exploitation within the sex
industry. In some areas of Thailand, Nepal, India and
China prostitution is socially accepted.

A narrow definition of prostitution limits our understanding of commercial sex. If we
assume that prostitution is the exchange of sex for some form of material reward then
sex work involves a substantial proportion of the general population. Sexual intimacy
may be exchanged for a variety of resources – food, shelter, clothing, transport and
social capital. Some people do this on a regular basis. Others do so occasionally -
sometimes for fun and sometimes because of need. Many of these individuals would
never perceive themselves to be sex workers and sex work is not their primary
occupation (even if it is their primary source of income).
The sex industry in Asia is moving out of traditional sites and concentrations in red
light areas and becoming dispersed throughout cities, in suburbs and along highways.
It is straddling international borders and growing wherever there is a high density and
movement of people. There is a clear move away from direct sex work and towards
indirect prostitution in all Asian countries. Bars, clubs, massage parlours, karaoke
bars, restaurants and hotels are typical venues. Sex workers increasingly operate in
private houses in suburbs and they may use mobile phones or the internet to contact
and negotiate with clients. This makes mapping of sex work sites, the control of
exploitation within the industry and dissemination of advice on sexual health
extremely problematic because the industry has no geographically defined borders
and only a minority of sex workers can be labelled as having a sex worker identity.
Customers may believe that there is more to their relationship with an indirect sex
worker than an exchange of sex and money and, indeed, this may be true. The worker
maintains the fiction that they are not selling sex and the client is not alarmed that he
is courting health risks by having sex with a prostitute. The perceived nature of a

commercial sexual encounter may be changing and this
has implications for the mapping of sex work sites,
gauging the numbers of sex workers, and in particular,
the promotion of condom use in high risk situations.8
Amongst many sex workers and their clients there may
no longer be a perception of high risk precisely because
they are not self-identified as ‘workers’ and ‘clients’.
A false sense of security is gained in mapping and analysing known sex work sites.
NGOs and health departments concentrate their activity in these areas while the
industry is changing around them. Statistics can mislead because they appear to
impose order on an infinitely complex industry. Figures produced by anti-prostitution
NGOs are inaccurate in that they probably overestimate the number of trafficking
victims. Statistics produced by governments, by contrast, probably underestimate the
number of sex workers because they are based on a very restricted view of sex work
and fail to adequately enumerate indirect and part time sex workers. Quantitative
medical epidemiological analysis of sex work is troubled by the fact that surveys and
questionnaires rarely establish ‘truth’. Both clients and sex workers may not wish to
give interviewers accurate descriptions of their lives, work and sexual behaviours for
complex reasons of pride, status, shame and fear. Long-term, qualitative ethnographic
research coupled with quantitative studies will produce more reliable results but, to
date, this kind of work is almost totally absent.
Prostitution and the idea of ‘choice’
Most of the people who sell sex in Asia do so because they are compelled by
economic and social inequality and by terribly restricted life chances. Especially in
the poorer countries of the region, they have no other realistic option. Some moreover
are physically coerced and a large proportion of women staffing the brothel sector
have been trafficked into the business. Those women who are held in debt bondage
may receive only a fraction of the money paid by clients. On the other hand, in
patriarchal societies in which women have inferior access to economic resources, sex
work gives many uneducated and unskilled women an income that far exceeds that
which they can obtain in any other occupation. The same is true for MSW. Elite sex
workers in both developed and less developed countries can earn substantial sums in a
very short time.
8

Many people are selling sex because of relative
deprivation rather than absolute poverty. An
undocumented number of young women from Asia’s
middle classes are now selling sex – often on a part time
basis - to supplement salaries or to provide extra money
while they are in education. Anecdotal evidence
suggests that these part time sex workers are attracting
business away from traditional sex work venues and full
time workers.
Contentious debates over sex work in the region have done a great injustice to many
sex workers and those who are held in sexual slavery because it creates an artificial
dualism of passive victim versus the sex worker who exercises agency. Most sex
workers in the lower ranks of the industry are victims of many kinds of social and
economic injustice and it is inaccurate and patronising to exaggerate their degree of
agency and their power to negotiate with clients and the management of the industry.
Some sex workers profit well from their work but the sex trade, as a whole is
exploitative of the women and men who work within it.
Trafficking, migration and the links with crime
The conflation of trafficking and migration and the muddling of definitions have
obscured the fact that many sex workers are increasingly mobile and will migrate in
search of work. There are increasingly complex regional linkages throughout Asia
that are expressed in terms of economics, trade, population movements and sexual
networks. This phenomenon is apparent, for example, in the Mekong Delta, the
‘Golden Triangle' island, Southeast Asia, and the Indo-Nepal border.
The financial rewards of elite and middle-income prostitution have also encouraged
sex works from outside the region to migrate to Asia. It is possible, for example to
find highly visible sex workers from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
working in clubs, bars and hotels throughout both poor and affluent Asia.
In most Asian countries prostitution is illegal. The sex industry is regulated by legal
codes, social custom and organised crime. These factors determine the type and form
of sex work. They also penalise the sex worker in different forms: either by punishing
workers with imprisonment or fines, stigmatising and shaming them, or economically
exploiting them. Organised crime reaps enormous profits from the sex industry. In
more developed Asia the forces of poverty bring many girls and young women into
trafficking networks and agents. Within cities, organized crime is heavily involved in
the sex trade. And throughout Asia police forces are often involved in the sex market.
Sex Work in Asia 8
In areas where efforts have been made to tackle abuses
the result has been to clean up recognised sex work sites
but also to push the most exploitative aspects of the
industry further underground. In particular, young,
vulnerable, trafficked women and girls find themselves
locked into socially invisible systems of sexual
exploitation.
The demand for youth
Youth is an essential prerequisite of sex workers throughout the world but in Asia
there appears to be an even greater client demand for the very young. The premium
age for sex workers in many Asian societies is between the ages of 12 and 16.
A complicating factor is that the transition from childhood to adulthood, commonly
defined in the West as occurring at eighteen years of age, does not have cultural
resonance in many Asian countries – especially less developed South Asian
countries.9 Here the acknowledgement of a female’s adult status may occur at puberty
or marriage - whichever is the sooner. Definitions of child prostitution as the
prostitution of those under eighteen years of age may seem meaningless in a context
in which cultural norms encourage females to marry when they are fourteen, fifteen or
sixteen-years-old.
Like females in their early teens, adult women may also be vulnerable to economic,
social and psychological pressures. There is nothing magical about a girl’s eighteenth
birthday that guarantees that she can make free and unpressured choices. What is
important in the context of prostitution and the controversy over ‘choice’ is an
individual’s ability to manage power hierarchies and to retain an element of control
within them. For the youngest women and for those from ethnic minorities, fragile
communities, despised social groups and castes (in other words, those who commonly
fill the lowest rungs of the sex work ladder) this power and ability to control their
lives is negligible.
The youngest girls are too young to make an informed choice to join the sex industry.
They are extremely vulnerable. Their youth contributes to their powerlessness and
makes them less able to negotiate with clients on anything approaching an equal basis.
9 Blanchet, Therese (1996) Lost Innocence, Stolen Childhoods Dhaka: University Press. Pp.37-69.
Sex Work in Asia 9
HIV/AIDS
The understandable preoccupation with HIV/AIDS has
sidelined many other problems relating to sex work.
HIV/AIDS intervention programmes correctly identify
workers’ powerlessness as an important factor in
transmission of the disease because it makes them less
able to negotiate the terms of the sex act and client
condom usage. Reports throughout the region
consistently state that sex workers’ ability to negotiate
condom usage is limited. Many programmes seek to
empower women and hence, by extension, to tackle a
whole range of problems. Yet for many women
involved in the trade, avoiding the threat of AIDS does
not appear high on their list of priorities when they are
faced with more immediate concerns such as debt,
violence, ill-health and social exclusion for themselves
and their children.
It appears that condom usage has been increasing in key sex work sites but that safe
sex practices are not necessarily followed by those who are most vulnerable:
particularly by young women. Nor is condom use thought to be high or consistent
amongst indirect sex workers.
Condom promotion programmes have been extremely successful amongst direct sex
workers in countries like Thailand and in select sex work sites in other countries. The
link between the condom and commercial sex is reflected in consistent reports
throughout the region that indicate that although many sex workers use condoms with
their clients they do not do so with their regular partners or lovers. This behaviour
expresses the non-commercial nature of their relationship.
Sex Work in Asia 10

NEPAL
Debates on prostitution in Nepal have been dominated by the issues of trafficking and
the migration of females from Nepal’s middle hills to north Indian brothels but
comparatively little research has been done on prostitution in Nepal itself.
The subsistence nature of large parts of the rural economy meant that there was no
mass market for commercial sex until comparatively recently. Economic development
and urbanisation and the increasing integration of Nepal within global consumer
cultures has altered this so that there is now an expanding domestic sex market in all
parts of the country. There is also a small but expanding trade catering to sex tourists
and expatriates. Sex work sites tend to concentrate in urban areas of the Kathmandu
Valley, Pokhara and in the cities and towns of the Terai where there are dense sexual
networks linking the Indo-Nepal border areas. There are many sex work sites along
the main north-south transport routes85 and along porterage routes. Sex work sites can
also be found in the bazaars of the hills. Usual sex work sites include ‘drinking pubs’,
hotels, restaurants and lodges, the worker’s own home, roads, bus parks and jungle
areas.86 Much of the trade is underground and FSW tend to be

रोल ऑफ़ पब्लिक पार्क्स इन पोखरा

2009-01-07T19:52:00.000-08:00

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PARKS (GARDENS) IN
IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH IN POKHARA
VALLEY, NEPAL

Public garden have been long recognized as major contributors to the health of urban people. As the population pressure increase, there is congestion everywhere and urban parks are only place which provide space for exercise, meditation, yoga, meeting points, morning and evening walk, etc. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess and document the impact of Public Park of the pokhara valley on human health and environment. the study revealed that although about eighty percent of the general public is not aware of health benefit due to public park, they help to maintain body, improve health problems like blood pressure, diabetes etc. Different existing plans (grasses, edge plants, hedge plants, herbs, shrubs, trees) of the park keep harmony in maintaining greenery in the park as well as help control the air pollution. The study found that broad- leaved plants are better than narrow leaved plants in case of pollution control and purification of the environment. According to the people's perception Bar, rudrachya, parijat are more preferred species due to multipurpose usefulness as medicinal, religious, cultural, and environmentally importance. The recommendation is mainly focus on the policy, management and future research.
Due to this concept many private parks and inns are being made.likewise in private homes also some free space is being preferred for multipurposes like jugging, meditation and doing yoga and so many purposes.
manily parks are being made to make aloof the crowed and so many mental tension. like kathmandu and any other [part of world people in the pokhara are not limited towards the parks that are made artificially but rather natural space are being itself created by nature so many people in the pokhara visit natural places.apart from the fact that many religious palces plays a vital role in promoting thereligious mind of the people .
these palces is not only full of the local people but time and again the palces are full of many Indian and other foreign where they share everything openly in this pokhara is geatiin more popuparity in term of tourism ,

it is regarded that pokhara is one of the richest nature gifted in this earth this feed back was taken from the many visitors in lakeside ,in pokhara seeing and observing natural beauy in quiet indifferent one feels excited and happy and considers his visit truly rewading .
it was found that public visiting in that public palces is maximium in mountain museum , santi stupa , temple bhari ,but although there is no single parks but some oof the patches of greenery are like santi ban batika , damsides ,fulbari hotel and so on that are minor importance , same like that some of the spot acts as a major junction for many people like sarankot, kaundanda , beganas, nagdanda ,manipal , caves areas and so many that carry minors importance .
any way such parks or spot are always full of public so that while goin g through the detail study it was found that many people are spending there weekand , holiday ,and some espical occasion like birthday , freiendship day valentain day and so many esp occasion likewise, more over newly married couple and newly formed love pairs took parts in consideriable number .
The chemistry of the public place and the public has been studied and in conclusion that they need to be made and promate thet are both advantageous to govt and public themselves, so that

2009-01-07T03:08:00.000-08:00

the pokhara view

माउंट फिश टेल

थे बेनिफिट ऑफ़ साइंस एंड टेक्नोलॉजी

2009-01-07T02:58:00.000-08:00

The Benefits of Science and TechnologySummary: Despite controvery over science and technology, the advantages they society has received from advancements is immeasureable. Examples include the growth in computer usages and improvements in treatements for HIV-AIDS.
Science and technology are probably the most debated topics in society. Scientific and technological developments have been debated as to whether they affect people's life styles and cause hassle. On the contrary, science and technology has improved our way of life for the better of mankind. Medical advancements, computers and simple inventions such as the light bulb are all examples of how science and technology is beneficial. In each of these cases, there are no undesirable changes to people's life styles. If it were not for many, if not all, of these changes in our history, we as an economy and nation would have fallen apart. Looking into the past, we can see all of the beneficial advancements we have made and how far we have come. Scientific and technological developments such as medical research to find a cure for AIDS, modern health care and computers are beneficial in the role of improving people's lives and do not come at the cost of undesirable changes to them.
Today with new technology, medical research is being done everyday to help find cures or vaccines for devastating diseases such as Cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's and Leukemia. Being diagnosed with one of these diseases is hard, but growing up with them is even harder. "AIDS was first identified in the USA in 1981. The epidemic has now spread to every part of the USA and to all sectors of society" (Noble). Growing up, I had two siblings who were diagnosed with AIDS. My older sister Katie was unfortunately taken by the disease at the age of 5. At the time there was not any technology or medicine strong enough to save her. My youngest brother though was very fortunate. After being diagnosed with AIDS in late 1993, there was enough technology to help slow the process of the disease. Going into the 21st century he is now like any other 13 year old boy with the exception just that he takes a lot of medicine that helps keep him alive. AIDS was not caused by science or technology, but we are using science and technology to fight it. Due to the benefits of science and technology concerning AIDS, my brothers' life was saved.
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After the invention of the computer in 1936, computers are commonly used nearly everyday for numerous reasons. At first, when the computer was first introduced, people were cautious as it was new. Slowly over the years, people started to accept it and it has had remarkable outcomes for the user. Computers were originally designed for the use of financial things and to keep files in order in a folder on the computer rather than in file cabinets. Gradually over time society has accepted this remarkable invention and its many uses; writing reports, researching, accounting, numerous web pages, email, and last but not least entertainment reasons.
Through the years, people have started to live longer and their health is remarkable. Modern health care takes credit for this type of technology. Mixing medical research with technology has created great results for the life expectancy of people. People in society want to live longer and look good and they can benefit from this by following the instructions of their doctors, counselors, etc. to live a better life style.
In the end, one can conclude that science and technology do not make undesirable changes to life styles but merely upgrading life and thing related to it. Science and technology will only continue to benefit society because there will always be new problems popping up over time that will need something bigger, better or a new cure for.
This is the complete article, containing 599 words (approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page).

सालिक राम दाहल
कुमुनिदी होम्स स्कूल
हेड ऑफ़ साइंस डिपार्टमेन्ट

बगर १ पोखरा

2009-01-03T00:30:00.001-08:00

2009-01-03T00:28:00.000-08:00

Falling in love: a matter of chemistry?
salik ram Dahal
bagar 1 pokhara ; shaleek2005@hotmail.com

Make your sex life spicy, exciting and adventurous -
I myself as the student of chemistry ,today I am trying to co-relates chemistry with view to love (the basis of life ), let's see, how I get succeed in enumerating some ideas which are based on my reality and facts.

Sex, it's all about pleasure and romantic basis for life these days, isn't it? I think that sex is romance that is the essence of a relationship. Without romance your love life will not exist. Romance is the true identity of your love. It brings out your true self and helps you to be as a better lover, husband and partner. Romance is a celebration of the life you live as part of a couple. It springs naturally and originates from within our heart. It makes us things that we possibly couldn't have imagined to do otherwise. It shows us who we are and reminds our role that is to be played in a relationship. Romance is not responsibility but it is caring about our responsibilities towards our lover and partner. Romance is the appreciation of two people who are celebrating the lucky coincidence that they found each other.We're all now fully willing and able to disengage our feelings from casual encounters; primed and ready to give and receive great sex for sex's sake, never mind the complications of falling in love.
It's a nice theory, but how many of us haven't felt what we thought were the stirrings of bona fide love when, with the benefit of hindsight, we're only too willing to acknowledge some disastrous past affair as a lust-filled aberration rather than the one true love we had then imagined?
for example Take my friend namrata , who spent two 3 month at the beck and call of a man who, from her infidelities to her lies, was never going to make me happy in the long term. "I suppose I thought I was in love with her, she says now, almost in disbelief, "but really, if I'm honest, it was about sex."
And it's not only male. I've spent many long nights talking female friends through their despair as they've fallen head over heels for feckless women who do them both proud in the sack but rarely anywhere else.It seems that, try as we might and as unfashionable as it may currently be, many of us are still unable to separate really good sex from the idea that we're falling in love.
"Oxytocin" is the one-word answer from psychosexual therapist Paula Hall, of relationship counseling group Relate - It's the "bonding chemical" that is released during sex, and the amount released increases with the quality and quantity of the sex: more orgasms equal more oxytocin and, therefore, more of a sense of closeness, all of which play a big part in that feeling of being in love.
"Also, sex is a very intimate act," she says, particularly really good sex. "You're doing all the right things for love: you're being close to someone, you're being vulnerable, you're caring for their needs, they're caring for your needs, and you're communicating. Plus, you're releasing oxytocin. It's no wonder, really."
All well and good in the bedroom, but not so good if the person you have great sex/fall in love with is not right for you outside of it. The chemistry of attraction that initially draws us in goes a long way to helping us get our emotional and physical wires crossed. And while a one-off fantastic sexual encounter may not have you swearing undying love, it will probably have you returning for more - and, before you know it, you think you're in love.
I feel that Great sex "is more than just about orgasm". I think truly great sex doesn't come along every day. It's often something that is established and built upon within an already loving relationship, where a deepening emotional intimacy and understanding leads to a better physical one, too. It can take away your breath, along with any sense of reason. However, the love that sustains a long-term relationship is a long way from the spark of attraction, no matter how big.
If you're feeling confused about its context, perhaps it would be better to give your passionate new "love" some distance and those hormones a chance to get back on an even keel before any declarations are made.
When couples move into a "stable relationship" phase, other hormones take over, (Chemistry World reports. ) But one psychologist warned the hormone shift is wrongly seen as negative.
It was found that Levels of these chemical messengers (oxytoin) were much higher in those who were in the early stages of romance. So that acute and rapid flow of hormones take place just at the sexy touch, as their production is vigorous. But in people who had been with their partners for between one and two years these so-called "love molecules" had gone, even though the relationship had survived.
The scientists found that the lust molecule was replaced by the so-called "cuddle hormone" - oxytocin - in couples who had been together for several years.
Oxytocin, is a chemical that induces labour and milk-production in new and pregnant mothers.
Donatella Marazziti, who led the research team, said: "If lovers swear their feelings to be ever-lasting, the hormones tell a different story.
So that release of hormones is stimulated by thinking and feeling power of an individual. It was also found that levels of a chemical messenger called nerve growth factor (NGF) increased with romantic intensity. More the romantic more is the level.
Actually while talking to its chemistry, the nonapeptide oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormones long recognized as being concerned with contractions of uterus. Recent works indicates that this (relatively) tiny peptide has wide ranging effects on the pleasure of social and sexual interaction of mammals – from coition to the cuddling of offspring and getting along with one's neighbors. Scientist has waxed enthusiastic and even poetic; it has been called the 'satisfaction hormone' and is said to "usher in joy".
The researchers said: "Whether more nerve growth is needed in the early stage of romance because of all the new experiences that are engraved into the brain, or whether it has a second, as yet unknown function in the chemistry of love, remains to be explored."
Michael Gross, a bio-chemist and science writer who has studied the latest findings, said: "It shows that different hormones are present in the blood when people are acutely in love while there is no evidence of the same hormones in people who have been in a stable relationship for many years.
"In fact the love molecules can disappear as early as 12 months after a relationship has started to be replaced by another chemical glue that keeps couples together."
He added: "To any romantically inclined chemist, it should be deeply satisfying to be able to prove that chemical messengers communicate romantic feeling between humans."
The chemical communication system used to
Attract mates involves not only the overt chemical signals but
Also indirectly a great deal of chemistry in the emitter.
There are some of the steps of love relation that have great love with the chemistry firstly, attraction physical and emotional. Secondly intimacy, thirdly romance, forth passion and the last stage is commitment.
Believe me love is worth the effort. All the best!

2009-01-03T00:25:00.000-08:00

hi

2009-01-03T00:03:00.000-08:00

PRESENT STATUS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL.
salik ram Dahal /bagar 1 pokhara
shaleek2005@hotmail.com/dahalsalik@gmail.com
www.shaleek.blogspot.com
www.krystal-salik.blogspot.com
09806511870

The status of Petroleum oil distribution in Nepal seemed to be quite dishonest. The adverse effect of the petroleum is seen, immediately to the vehicle like car and motorbike. Because of high pressure, temperature and absence of air. Death and decaying of organic compound (remains of plant and animal which go buried) under million of years have transformed into mixture of alkanes ranging in size 1c-30/40 carbons. Natural gas contains lower alkanes where petroleum product contains higher alkalis along with some other hydrocarbon and minerals. Petroleum is separated by distribution into various factions by technique known as petroleum refining. Petroleum contains high carbon. Burning of petroleum takes place inside the engine and CO2 and heat is produced. Large amount of heat is evolved in their reaction. And this reaction can be the source of extensive power. Hence they are use as fuel in internal combustion engines. And gasoline is used in large internal combustion engine. Petrol contain gasoline vapor and air is compressed and burnt into the cylinder of the engine.

A device (engine) is described for controlling the intake and exhaust valves of an internal combustion engine. Separate valve actuators are provided for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder of an engine. Each such actuator is connected to a pair of cam actuated pumps for providing timed pulses of pressurized fluid to the valve actuators. The cams which actuate the pumps are turned by a planetary gear mechanism which permits the incidence of pump actuation in relation to the rotation of a shaft turned by the engine to be varied. The device permits close, precise and variable control of the valve timing of the engine to thereby achieve enhanced engine performance.
But all this process is not possible in Nepal. we do consumed only such petrol that are nowadays mixtures of some many oils and so on so that the effect are seen rapidly to towards than higher powerful bike and heavy engine .so that public in our country are so badly deceive .and also their complaints are also not being hear by that related people. So that we are getting victimized by such problems.
More over some steps have to taken as soon as possible to minimize the effects from local level and from government to solve this problem. Sudden stoppage of engine, bending of valve, and finally engine get ceased.

Many of the present problems in society can be linked to the inefficient consumption of petroleum and the resulting rising cost and environment pollution. Reduction of our petroleum consumption rates increases the health of our society and economy. In addition, reduction of consumption rates assures that more of this valuable resource will be left for our prodigies to enjoy. Even the quality of our environment and the air we all breathe would be improved by more fuel efficient transportation vehicles.
The technologies proposed here are projected to provide an increase in efficiency of the internal combustion engine vehicles from the present arena of approximately 30% to a realm of 75 percent, thereby reducing petroleum consumption and helping to improve the environment.

PRESENT STATUS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN NEPAL.
salik ram Dahal /bagar 1 pokhara
shaleek2005@hotmail.com/dahalsalik@gmail.com
www.shaleek.blogspot.com
www.krystal-salik.blogspot.com
09806511870

The status of Petroleum oil distribution in Nepal seemed to be quite dishonest. The adverse effect of the petroleum is seen, immediately to the vehicle like car and motorbike. Because of high pressure, temperature and absence of air. Death and decaying of organic compound (remains of plant and animal which go buried) under million of years have transformed into mixture of alkanes ranging in size 1c-30/40 carbons. Natural gas contains lower alkanes where petroleum product contains higher alkalis along with some other hydrocarbon and minerals. Petroleum is separated by distribution into various factions by technique known as petroleum refining. Petroleum contains high carbon. Burning of petroleum takes place inside the engine and CO2 and heat is produced. Large amount of heat is evolved in their reaction. And this reaction can be the source of extensive power. Hence they are use as fuel in internal combustion engines. And gasoline is used in large internal combustion engine. Petrol contain gasoline vapor and air is compressed and burnt into the cylinder of the engine.

A device (engine) is described for controlling the intake and exhaust valves of an internal combustion engine. Separate valve actuators are provided for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves of each cylinder of an engine. Each such actuator is connected to a pair of cam actuated pumps for providing timed pulses of pressurized fluid to the valve actuators. The cams which actuate the pumps are turned by a planetary gear mechanism which permits the incidence of pump actuation in relation to the rotation of a shaft turned by the engine to be varied. The device permits close, precise and variable control of the valve timing of the engine to thereby achieve enhanced engine performance.
But all this process is not possible in Nepal. we do consumed only such petrol that are nowadays mixtures of some many oils and so on so that the effect are seen rapidly to towards than higher powerful bike and heavy engine .so that public in our country are so badly deceive .and also their complaints are also not being hear by that related people. So that we are getting victimized by such problems.
More over some steps have to taken as soon as possible to minimize the effects from local level and from government to solve this problem. Sudden stoppage of engine, bending of valve, and finally engine get ceased.

Many of the present problems in society can be linked to the inefficient consumption of petroleum and the resulting rising cost and environment pollution. Reduction of our petroleum consumption rates increases the health of our society and economy. In addition, reduction of consumption rates assures that more of this valuable resource will be left for our prodigies to enjoy. Even the quality of our environment and the air we all breathe would be improved by more fuel efficient transportation vehicles.
The technologies proposed here are projected to provide an increase in efficiency of the internal combustion engine vehicles from the present arena of approximately 30% to a realm of 75 percent, thereby reducing petroleum consumption and helping to improve the environment.

http://www.esnips.com/doc/e4d3d4c0-c96a-4752-be45-73eff95875c5/Lecture-Series-I-(2007---ISM)

2008-10-03T04:07:00.000-07:00

http://www.esnips.com/doc/e4d3d4c0-c96a-4752-be45-73eff95875c5/Lecture-Series-I-(2007---ISM)

collages in usa

2008-09-09T23:02:00.000-07:00

U.S. Universities alphabetic		A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U [University of A-K, L-O, P-Z] • V • W • X • Y • Z (also available organized by state)

Institutions may be listed with the systems to which they belong, e.g. University of New Orleans under Louisiana State University System.

A A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (AZ/MO) Abilene Christian University (TX) Adams State College (CO) Adelphi University (NY) Adler School of Professional Psychology (IL) Adrian College (MI) Agnes Scott College (GA) Air Force Institute of Technology (OH) Air University (AL) Alabama A&M University (AL) Alabama State University (AL) Alaska Bible College (AK) Alaska Pacific University (AK) Albany College of Pharmacy (NY) Albany Medical College (NY) Albertus Magnus College (CT) Albion College (MI) Albright College (PA) Alcorn State University (MS) Alderson-Broaddus College (WV) Alfred Adler Institute (MN) Alfred University (NY) Alice Lloyd College (KY) Allegheny College (PA) Allen College (IA) Allen University (SC) Alliant International University (CA) Alma College (MI) Alvernia College (PA) Alverno College (WI) Ambassador University (TX) (closed spring 1997) Amberton University (TX) American College (PA) American College of Education (IL) American Indian College of the Assemblies of God 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sex hormone

n.

Any of various hormones, such as estrogen and androgen, affecting the growth or function of the reproductive organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, and the behavioral patterns of animals.

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World of the Body: sex hormones

Reproduction in both sexes is ultimately controlled by a hierarchy of hormonal secretions form three sites: the hypothalamus (in the brain), the pituitary gland, and the gonads (the testes or ovaries). The gonads require hormones from ‘higher’ sites to initiate and maintain their activity, and these are known as gonadotrophins. (Trophin, from the Greek, means something that nourishes — not strictly appropriate, except in the broad sense of maintaining the healthy function of the gonads.)

The sequence is this: neurons in the hypothalamus secrete gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is transported through local blood capillaries to the nearby anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Here GnRH stimulates the cells which synthesize and release the pituitary gonadotrophins — luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). LH and FSH are secreted into the circulating blood and transported to the ovaries or testes, where they stimulate the production of the steroid hormones specific to each sex — oestrogen and progesterone, or testosterone. The gonadotrophic hormones and the gonads' own steroid hormones act together to maintain the prime function of the gonads: the production of mature eggs (ova) or sperm. The whole cascade of hormone secretions, from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland to the gonads, is tightly controlled by feedback effects of the gonadal steroids, which in turn act on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to regulate the secretion of GnRH and of gonadotrophins. In the male these feedback effects are always negative. This means that when secretion of the male hormone, testosterone, increases, the release of GnRH and LH will decrease — inhibited by the rising level of testosterone in the blood. Conversely, when testosterone secretion declines, the hypothalamic and pituitary secretions increase (Fig. 1). Similar negative feedback effects are seen with the female hormones, oestrogen and progesterone. However, in females a unique event in the control of hormone secretions occurs just before ovulation. In the ovary, oestrogen production by the cells surrounding the maturing eggs reaches a peak, and the rise of oestrogen level in the blood exerts a positive feedback effect: there is an increase in both the release of GnRH and the responsiveness of the pituitary gland to GnRH. The result is a huge surge of LH secretion, and a smaller surge of FSH secretion from the pituitary gland; a few hours later the egg bursts from a mature ovarian follicle — the phenomenon of ovulation.

Fig. 1 Diagram of the interaction among hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hormones: negative feedback loops illustrated in terms of luteinizing hormone (LH) (sometimes known in the male as interstitial cell stimulating hormone). Solid arrows: an increase in secretion of the hormone causes an increase in secretion of the next hormone down the 'cascade' (or a decrease causes a decrease). Dotted arrows: an increase in secretion of the hormone (testosterone) causes a decrease in secretion of the hormones higher in the cascade (GnRH and LH) (or a decrease causes an increase).
Fig. 1 Diagram of the interaction among hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and testicular hormones: negative feedback loops illustrated in terms of luteinizing hormone (LH) (sometimes known in the male as interstitial cell stimulating hormone). Solid arrows: an increase in secretion of the hormone causes an increase in secretion of the next hormone down the 'cascade' (or a decrease causes a decrease). Dotted arrows: an increase in secretion of the hormone (testosterone) causes a decrease in secretion of the hormones higher in the cascade (GnRH and LH) (or a decrease causes an increase).

GnRH and the pituitary gonadotrophins are the same in both males and females. (The names used for the gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) refer to the female: ‘luteinizing’ and ‘follicle stimulating’ are their actions in the ovary. Identical hormones were found to exist also in the male, but the names have persisted.) It is the different steroid hormones secreted by the gonads themselves which are important not only in controlling their own function but also for the development and maintenance of sexual characteristics in the rest of the body.

The major hormone secretions of the ovaries and testes are steroid hormones, which are all synthesized from the same precursor — cholesterol. Cholesterol is derived from animal fats in the diet, and reaches the gonads in the circulating blood, where it is bound to low density lipoproteins (LDLs). The LDL-cholesterol complexes are taken up by the gonads and broken down there to release free cholesterol. Alternatively, cholesterol can be synthesized within the gonads themselves from its percursor molecule, acetate; this is the preferred pathway for generating cholesterol in the testis, but not in the ovary. The synthesis of steroid hormones involves many chemical steps from cholesterol to finished product. In both sexes, molecules related to progesterone (progestogens) are formed first; androgens — male-type steroids — follow, and these give rise to testosterone and also to the oestrogens. The production of the appropriate end products depends on the presence of different enzymes in the respective gonads (Fig. 2). So there is a common chemical pathway through which both male hormones (androgens) and female hormones (progestogens and oestrogens) are synthesized, but the relative proportions of these different ‘male’ and ‘female’ hormones produced within the gonads depend on whether the process is occuring in a testis or an ovary. Testosterone is the major steroid synthesized in the testis, with much smaller amounts of oestrogens, while oestrogen and progesterone predominate in the ovary with lesser amounts of androgens.

In the testes

Testosterone is synthesized by the interstitial, or Leydig, cells, which lie between the seminiferous tubules, under the stimulating influence of LH. In adults testosterone diffuses into the tubules and, together with FSH, helps to maintain spermatogenesis; also, via the circulating blood, it exerts negative feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, inhibiting gonadotrophin release — signalling that stimulation of more testosterone production is unecessary. In the fetal testis, testosterone production is responsible for the virilization of the male reproductive tract. At puberty an increase in testosterone secretion stimulates the changes associated with sexual maturation, including growth, pubic hair development, genital enlargement, and the breaking voice. For these generalized effects to take place, it is necessary for the ‘target’ cells, to which the circulating hormone attaches, to possess a particular enzyme which converts testosterone itself into a closely related, but crucially different steroid molecule — DHT (5α-dihydrotestosterone). When this enzyme is missing, a rare condition known as testicular feminization occurs: a male has the external appearance of a female.

In the ovaries

Steroid synthesis here is more complicated. Whereas the testis requires only LH stimulation the ovary requires the actions of both LH and FSH for the production of progesterone and oestrogen. The two gonadotrophins act on two different cell types (the thecal and the granulosa cells of the developing ovum-containing follicles). Once follicles becomes sensitive to the gonadotrophins, the outer thecal cells respond to LH and synthesize progesterone and androgens. The androgens then diffuse into the inner granulosa cell layer and here, under the influence of FSH, they are converted to oestrogens. Then, at mid-cycle, the single dominant follicle that is destined to release a mature egg develops receptors for LH in the granulosa cell layer, and the action of LH (in its ‘surge’ of secretion described above) precipitates ovulation. After ovulation the empty follicle is ‘luteinized’ — turns yellowish — it becomes a corpus luteum, secreting predominantly progesterone and some oestrogen under the influence of the gonadotrophins, until the next menstrual cycle begins.

Like testosterone secreted by the testes, the oestrogen and progesterone which the ovaries secrete not only act within the ovaries themselves to stimulate their function, but also enter the circulation to exert feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland and to act on other target organs including the uterus, vagina, and breasts. However, unlike testosterone, which plays such a crucial role in the fetal development of the male reproductive system, the ovarian hormones have little if any effect on the fetal differentiation of the female reproductive system: this simply occurs in the absence of the male hormone. The female sex hormones do, however, become important later during puberty for growth of the breasts, changes in body shape and composition, and other characteristic physical changes. After the menopause the ovaries no longer produce sex hormones, although the cortex of the adrenal gland does produce small amounts of androgens. These can be converted to oestrogens, and are thus an important source of oestrogens in post-menopausal women, but they are not produced in sufficient amounts to replace the loss of oestrogen secretions from the ovary.

Fig. 2 Outline of the derivation of the major steroid sex hormones from the precursor, cholesterol
Fig. 2 Outline of the derivation of the major steroid sex hormones from the precursor, cholesterol

It is becoming clear that oestrogens, and to a lesser extent progestogens, have important effects on a variety of body functions apparently unrelated to reproduction. Thus, changes in the secretion of oestrogens and progestogens (occurring during the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy, and after the menopause) can, for example, influence mood, metabolism, bone structure, and cardiovascular and immune function, and can cause water retention and breast tenderness.

Aside from the steroid hormones, the gonads also produce a wide range of protein and peptide hormones, which may simply act as local regulatory hormones, such as growth factors, within the gonads themselves or may circulate in the blood and influence pituitary gonadotrophin secretion; one such is ‘inhibin’, from the testis, which can depress FSH secretion.

Synthetic sex hormones are widely used for contraception and hormone replacement therapy. Oestrogens may also be prescribed to suppress lactation and as a palliative measure in cancer of the breast or prostate, and progestogens for menstrual problems and for habitual abortion.

— Saffron Whitehead

See also steroids.

Food and Nutrition: sex hormones

Male hormones, or androgens, include testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androsterone; female hormones include progesterone and the oestrogens (oestradiol and oestrone). Chemically, all are steroids, derived from cholesterol.

Dental Dictionary: sex hormones

n.pl

Steroid hormones that are produced by the testes and ovaries and that control secondary sex characteristics, the reproductive cycle, development of the accessory reproductive cycle, and development of the accessory reproductive organs. Also included are the gonadotropins produced by the pituitary gland.

Wikipedia: sex steroid

Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. The term sex hormone nearly always is synonymous with sex steroid.

Production

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissues such as liver or fat.

Functions

Sex steroids play important roles in inducing the body changes known as primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics.

The development of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics is controlled by sex hormones after the initial fetal stage where the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome and/or the SRY gene determine development.

Synthetic sex steroids

There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen.

Types

In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human derivatives are testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Other contexts will include progestagen as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally-occurring human progestagen.

Sex steroids include:

* androgens:
o testosterone
o androstenedione
o dihydrotestosterone
o dehydroepiandrosterone
o anabolic steroids

* estrogens:
o estradiol
o diethylstilbestrol

* progestagens:
o progesterone
o progestins

See also

* Klinefelter's syndrome
* Androgen insensitivity syndrome
* Sex-hormone therapy

External links

* MeSH Sex+Steroid+Hormones
* Sex+hormones at eMedicine Dictionary

[hide]
Sex hormones and related agents (primarily G03, also L02, H01C) - human endogenous in CAPS
Progestogens:
(receptor) PROGESTERONE, Desogestrel, Drospirenone, Dydrogesterone, Ethisterone, Etonogestrel, Ethynodiol diacetate, Gestodene, Gestonorone, Levonorgestrel, Lynestrenol, Medroxyprogesterone, Megestrol, Norelgestromin, Norethisterone, Norethynodrel, Norgestimate, Norgestrel, Norgestrienone, Tibolone
Selective progesterone receptor modulator: Asoprisnil, CDB-4124
Antiprogestogen: Mifepristone
Androgens:
(receptor) TESTOSTERONE, Androstanolone, Fluoxymesterone, Mesterolone, Methyltestosterone, (see also anabolic steroids)
Antiandrogens: Bicalutamide, Cyproterone, Flutamide, Nilutamide, Spironolactone
Estrogens:
(receptor) ESTRADIOL, ESTRIOL, ESTRONE, Chlorotrianisene, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol, Ethinylestradiol, Fosfestrol, Mestranol, Polyestradiol phosphate
Selective estrogen receptor modulator: Bazedoxifene, Clomifene, Fulvestrant, Lasofoxifene, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene
Aromatase inhibitor: Aminogluthetimide, Anastrozole, Exemestane, Formestane, Letrozole, Vorozole
Gonadotropins:
(FSHR/LHCGR) ovulation stim.: Clomifene, Urofollitropin
Antigonadotropins: Danazol, Gestrinone
GnRH:
(receptor) agonist: Buserelin, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin, Nafarelin, Triptorelin
antagonist: Abarelix, Cetrorelix, Ganirelix

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